Timothy B. Lee of Ars Technica notes that trademark laws exist to prevent consumers from being confused about the origin of a product, or with regards to Mickey, whether they believe a product is official Disney merchandise. For example, if company sells peanut butter with Mickeys face on the jar, it could fool consumers into thinking that their peanut butter is sponsored by Disney. Companies like Disney and Warner Bros. remain focused on characters and concepts that are decades old, rather than creating new brands, and as a result, nostalgia has become the driving force of contemporary society. I write about art, life, and humanity. Warning & Disclaimer: The pages, articles and comments on IPWatchdog.com do not constitute legal advice, nor do they create any attorney-client relationship. As an example, his sidekick Bucky Barnes will lose copyright in 2036 as well, but Bucky's laterWinter Soldier identity certainly wasn't implicit in the original comics. The Rocky example would become much more complicated if the first Rocky movie were in the public domain, while the rest of the movies were still under copyright protection. MAMIE SMITH: (Singing) I can't sleep at night. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/01/a-whole-years-worth-of-works-just-fell-into-the-public-domain/. 98 Publicdomainvectors.org, offers copyright-free vector images in popular .eps, .svg, .ai and .cdr formats.To the extent possible under law, uploaders on this site have waived all copyright to their vector images. Many other works entered the public domain this year, notably Hemmingways The Sun Also Rises and Dorothy Parkers first collection of poetry, Enough Rope wherein she remarks: Three be the things I shall never attain, Envy, content, and sufficient champagne. Silly stuff, Eeyore. The following is a list of works that entered the public domain in 2021. It is designed rather to The panel then defines what the public domain is and what it means for a work to enter the public domain. The question becomes, how does a famous character, story, or work of art enter into the public domain? Hed also use a hurricane hippo holler on foes. She's amazing. Perpetuating exclusionary rights these words are accompanied by a knowing grimace a morbid joke one makes when The most famous example from this year is probably F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic novel The Great Gatsby. As of January 1, anyone will be free to reprint or adapt the novel and its characters, including making their own movie adaptions. ", (SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "EVERYBODY WANTS A KEY TO MY CELLAR"). Again, this issue would have passed long ago if not for the copyright extensions. v. Ashcroft, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer forecasted detrimental Below is a list of cartoons created in 1965 that should've entered the public domain in 2022 under their original copyright rules. The episode begins by going through some famous cartoon characters and their influence on popular culture. This years public domain additions saw the release of many works from 1925, including F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway, Harold Lloyds The Freshman, and works of many great musicians, including Fats Waller, Duke Ellington, and Gertrude Ma Rainey. It uses the same main characters and relies on and refers to the plot established in the original Rocky. Now that the public domain has reopened, we will start to see why Disney and other corporations lobbied so hard. Its primary legal effect is to grant the extended term not to Many of these characters are still making plenty of cash for their corporate owners. MCCAMMON: What is the larger cultural impact, I guess, of having all this work in the public domain? Jennifer Jenkins directs the Center for the Study of the Public Domain at Duke University, and she joins us now to talk more about this. [3] Peter S. Menell et al., Intellectual Property in the New Technological Age: 2018, Volume Fleischer cartoon Color Classic Greedy Humpty Dumpty 1936 (old cartoon vintage public domain) 08:55. That particular arc will be safe until 2100. It would, no doubt, be contested. We're talking about that piece of literary work, that gentle book by A. Collage artists and scrapbooking enthusiasts, welcome to your new home. Do we need an ACLU for the public domain? I can imagine advocates will put out helpful guides to protect eager creators from getting sued, but it will still be a tricky situation. To highlight a few of the differences between Steamboat Mickey and his contemporary counterpart, consider the following unique characteristics of the original: the Intellectual Property Clause: A Study in Historical Perspective 12526 In the case of Buck Rogers, different aspects of the hero's character and arc will become public domain depending on when they were published. Since Zorro was also created before 1923, it also did not benefit from the extension and was public domain by 1995. Fortunately, as of 2019, the public domain became active once more, as older material started to see their copyrights expire. It was a delight talking to you. Is Bugs Bunny public domain? Facebook Twitter Email Copy Link. Considering that there already is such a story, Batman Ninja, they would need to be careful not to imitate that copyrighted work. The problem facing Warner Bros., though, will be that many of Batman's core attributes are implied in the original comics. 2024.[9]. The general story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves is long since public domain, but Disney's specific portrayal is copyrighted until 2032. Will there be another copyright extension for famous characters. I want to upload this cartoon on my YouTube channel, can I get permission? To protect the works which do hold that weight, however, many corporations will inevitably turn to trademark laws. A lifelong fan of major franchises including Star Wars, Doctor Who, and Marvel, Tom is delighted his childhood is back - and this time it's cool. stark. With respect to derivative works, however, the consideration becomes a bit trickier. Jonny Quest is a milestone in TV animation, as its the first half-hour animated series thats dramatic, rather than comedic, in tone. Because they were produced for the U.S. government, they automatically fall into the public domain. (DC Comics) Aquaman characters: The Fisherman Aquababy (Arthur Curry, Jr.) Batman characters: The Time Commander horse and converting what was meant to be an incentive for creativity into a e.g., Pierre N. Leval, Toward a Fair Use Standard, 103 "Superman's power of flight was not introduced until some years after the character first appeared," they noted. . As a result of this, these cartoons are as well free to distribute on VHS, DVD, and websites such as YouTube. authors the absolute ownership of their creations. This site was written for our 2022 Public Domain Day celebration. I, 8, JENKINS: But also just the voices that you can hear - over a century old - on those scratchy recordings - you've got to listen to Mamie Smith's "Crazy Blues." And most (The copyright is not an inevitable, divine, or natural right that confers on reserved a copyright lifetime of seventy-five years. stimulate activity and progress in the arts for the intellectual enrichment of Many Warner Bros. cartoons that credit Leon Schlesinger have fallen into the public domain. cl. Your email address will not be published. Disney has long been fighting a running political battle to ensure the copyright license to Mickey Mouse continues for as long as possible. The films listed below were last owned by National Periodical Publications when the time for their renewals came up. On January 1, 2022, thousands of creative works will go into the public domain in the U.S., including famous creations like Winnie-the-Pooh, Bambi, and a trove of early sound recordings. Copyright 2021 NPR. attempting to grapple with an unpleasant fact of the world, leaving no remedy Best Public Domain Characters The coolest public domain characters List items 197 results 1 2 1. Frankenstein's Monster 7.. The bear of very little brain will become public domain in 2026. My usual statement about such copyright lengths: Under the copyright laws that existed from 1909 through 1978, works could be copyrighted for a single 28 year term, with one 28 year renewal allowed, or a total of 56 years. The films listed below were last owned by United Artists when the time for their renewals came up. That ruling, however, is out of the jurisdiction of the United States, where Zorros public domain status is still an open question. Your email address will not be published. [7] See Menell et al., supra note 3, at Now, they also have trademarks for the use, for example, of the words Winnie-the-Pooh as a brand. have heard the phrase, Mickey Mouse will never enter the public domain. Often, Here are a few that are in the public domain (although not the Disney Version) Cinderella. Films published before 1928 are not included because all such films are in the public domain (Note: while the film in and of itself may be in the public domain, the original versions may incorporate elements that remain under a separate copyright). And thus expired the copyright on the original Winnie-the-Pooh story. Dastar republished portions of a public domain documentary whose copyright was originally owned by 20th Century Fox. Third parties can sell the videos with no legal penalties as a result of these public domain cartoons due toUnited Artistsand itssuccessorcompaniesor Warner Bros. either forgetting to renew or having no interest in renewing the copyrights to the cartoons. There are literally hundreds of established franchises that are still protectedbecause of Disney's corporate lobbying. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. II: Copyrights, Trademarks and State IP Protections, at 49495 (2018). SCOTUS, however, ruled against Fox, saying: We have been careful to caution against misuse or overextension of trademark and related protections into areas traditionally occupied by patent or copyright. One might think that after this ruling, Mickey Mouse and Superman would be fair game so long as the new works arent presented as Disney or DC Comics productions, (in the form of a disclaimer perhaps), but I have three reasons to not be so confident: Tarzan, John Carter, and Zorro. and that the exclusive Right afforded by copyright shall be for limited Times.[1] The Constitution When the characters depicted in these works fall into the public domain, only the version as depicted in their debut appearance is free. Despite Mr. Peebles repeated attempts to sell Magilla, the gorilla would always end up back at the shop. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Will Tarzan, John Carter, and Zorro ever be secured for the public? He was created in 1941 and, without the 1998 legislation, he'd be in public domain as well; in this case, the copyright will expire in 2036. Contents 1 Entering the public domain in countries with life + 70 years Art by Mike Sekowsky. octavetv The lawsuits will probably be fought by Disney, who bought the rights to Pooh in 2001. Who will be the first to attempt a new Pooh book or cartoon? MCCAMMON: What does it really mean for some of these works and characters like Bambi and Winnie-the-Pooh to enter the public domain? Over time, the duration of copyright protection has evolved to allow Publicdomainvectors.org, offers copyright-free vector images in popular .eps, .svg, .ai and .cdr formats.To the extent possible under law, uploaders on this site have waived all copyright to their vector images. years, and at the same time, works that originated from corporations were To answer this, the panel invites us to reflect on the purpose of copyright, how one can acquire copyright protections for their characters and stories, the ability to make a work of art useful to more people, and the tradeoffs that come with protecting works over time. unlikely to bear fruit. but coping mechanisms. The films listed below were last owned by Warner Bros. Pictures when the time for their renewals came up. On account of the CTEAs retroactive application L. Rev. 29:51 Books Entering the Public Domain in 2022. The Walt Disney Company famously lobbied for the extension to protect the copyrights of its iconic characters, such as Mickey Mouse, whose copyrights were then set to expire in 2004. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Under The 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act, works published from 1923 through 1977 held a 95-year term that expired at the calendar end of the 95th year. In lieu of a copyright renewal, presented is information that the short was not renewed. Take the example of Bugs Bunny, whose first story falls into the public domain in 2035. [5], Thankfully, it seems like the era of perpetual copyright There are recordings of songs about women's suffrage - for example, the song "She's Good Enough To Be Your Baby's Mother And She's Good Enough To Vote With You. [2] See, And tomorrow, that includes two of the most recognizable characters in children's literature - Winnie-the-Pooh and Bambi. A derivative work is statutorily defined as a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation, musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. For example, Rocky II is a derivative work of the movie Rocky. Jesse Kirkland is a J.D. Thecopyright toSteamboat Willie is currently set to expire in 2024, which will bring Disney's best-known character into the public domain. This show was driven off TV in the late 60s, when childrens TV advertising rules were tightened. Bottom row: Zatanna from The Flash #198 (June 1970); art by Don Heck (DC Comics) / Peter Potamus (Warner Bros.) / Underdog (DreamWorks Classics). to the CTEA, so the lobbying power of media conglomerates was enough to win the Call us for a price quote at 310-622-7267. As such, its now 95 years for most corporate works (as work for hire), or the life of the author plus 70 years for creator-owned works (such as my blog). 3) Mickeys eyes are simple black dots. progress of Science by which word the Framers meant learning or knowledge. Well, Eeyore, for the last 95 years millions of readers felt otherwise, at least when the writing business came to their beloved Pooh, Piglet, Rabbit, Kanga, Roo and Owl. Even Batman's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth wasn't created until 1943, meaning he can't be used until 2038. Still, since 2019, actual material is now being added to the public domain each year. While the full details of copyright-related exclusionary rights are rather complex, in simple terms, a copyright owner of a work has the exclusive right to (1) reproduce copies, (2) create derivative works, (3) distribute copies, (4) publicly perform the work, (5) publicly display the work, and (6), regarding sound recordings, publicly perform the work via digital transmission. December 4, 2019. The court, however, ruled in favor of Fireworks, stating that Zorro was in the public domain. Now dont get too excited. Lets say someone wanted to do a Batman story set in feudal Japan. Often, these words are accompanied by a knowing grimace a morbid joke one makes when. to works that had already been created but had not yet entered the public Is the Little Mermaid in the public domain? Jacob Grimm published a huge number of the stories that we think of today! art. For more information, see List of films in the public domain in the United States. well-organized lobby against more expansions, which did not exist in 1998, and Comic book pioneerStephen Slesinger bought the copyright from Milne in 1930, and his widow licensed the rights to Disney in 1953. Nick has in-depth By using this site, you agree to our updated Privacy Policy & Disclaimer. (DC Comics) Batman characters: Kaye Daye Harriet Cooper The Mystery Analysts of Gotham City Green Lantern characters: Katma Tui Black Hand (It would not be until The Opry House, released in 1929, that these first appear. ) That's the day that Mickey Mouse, the world's most famous cartoon character, finally enters the public domain (via his debut short, " Steamboat Willie "). in or later than 1999 received a two-decade extension. This is a list of Disney cartoons that are in the public domain, and are therefore not under copyright. In an ironic twist, without Disney's lobbying, Spider-Man would be in the public domain by now. All of the plot and characters from the first movie would be unprotected, unlike any plot or character that had first appeared in one of the sequels. promoting creation and advancement for the benefit of society as a whole. co-hosts and Volpe Koenig Shareholders, Michael Snyder and Joseph Gushue, are back for a journey into the public domain. List of animated films in the public domain in the United States. The public domain is a place where formerly copyright protected works can find new life, as they are no longer protected by copyright. which did not see new works added until 2019. Peter Potamus is a friendly purple hippo who, along with his pal So-So the monkey, traveled around the world (and through time) in a magic flying balloon. All cartoons released in 1934 are under copyright, all post-1943 shorts are under copyright, while all cartoons released in 1930 and 1931 are in the public domain. What do Bambi, Mickey Mouse, and Winnie the Pooh all have in common? Unfortunately, he sound wound up embroiled in copyright law, simply because the character is never named "Buck" in that first book, and it's wound up going to court. 10 D. Douglas Westmoland Author has 1.4K answers and 658.8K answer views 4 y Related Which Disney character is in this link? As influential Judge Richard Posner observed, "the ten Holmes-Watson stories in which copyright persists are derivative from the earlier stories, so only original elements added in the later stories remain protected." Images on IPWatchdog Primarily Provided by, Our website uses cookies to provide you with a better experience. domain, every work that would otherwise have had its copyright protection expire 1927 ) the Mechanical Cow ( 1927 ) Great Guns other pre-1972 recordings following in subsequent decades owns. For more on copyrights and cartoon characters download the Volpe Koenig IP Goes Pop Podcast. 27:02 Why is the public domain a good thing? This effectively put a twenty year freeze on the American public domain, which did not see new works added until 2019. Snow White. You Don't Know What You're Doin'! I can't eat a bite. Listeners will learn that even if certain works enter the public domain there may be other related IP rights, such as related still-active copyrights, and trademark rights, especially with well-established or famous cartoon characters. This means that the vast majority of literature, film, and music will be free. It also allowed for the creation of a large amount of the entertainment we still enjoy today. Then, in 1976, copyrights for works by individual Dastar, however, edited out the original credits to present it as their own product. But, if not for the copyright extensions of 1976 and 1998, a lot of iconic characters would have begun to enter the public domain. 3D Printing in the Automotive Industry: How Can IP Protect Your CAD Files? And even then, I expect Disney (and others who own popular 1930s characters, like the early DC superheroes and Looney Tunes for Warner Bros.) to use trademark laws (which are distinct from copyright laws) like a club. Rocky and all its sequels are still under copyright protection and thus, the copyright owner has exclusive rights over the creation of derivative works based on the movie Rocky, including works that refer to the originals plot or characters. Live-action/animated movies released this year include: A half-hour animated anthology series starring various Post cereal mascots of the era, including the most well-known one to this day, Sugar Bear (for Posts Sugar Crisp/Golden Crisp cereal). Created by A.A. Milne in 1924, Winnie the Pooh is a very important bear indeed. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Since laws vary globally, the copyright status of some works are not uniform. What's more,Snow White isn't the only Disney film currently protected thanks to the extensions to copyright; the same is true ofPinocchioas well. Disneys mousy mascot has undergone many permutations over the course of decades, so those seeking to capitalize on Mickeys first step into the public domain ought to proceed with caution. For example, a member of the public would be able to write her own sequel to the original Rocky without infringing upon a copyright but would not be able to reference or build upon any of the plots or character developments that first appear in Rocky II. Now many of them are based on fairy tales and novels that are public domain, but the Disney characters based on them are all under copyright. Many who are interested in copyright issues. This is a list ofLooney TunesandMerrie Melodiesanimated shorts that have fallen into the public domain in the United States due to copyright neglect. Until then, anyone can make a Snow White story, but the House of Mouse alone can call the Dwarves Grumpy, Sleepy, Sneezy, Dopey, Happy, Bashful, and Doc. If wed kept the same copyright laws under which all of the above cartoons were created, itd be a world where Zatanna, Underdog, Crisis on Earth-3, and Magilla Gorilla were as free to use as King Arthur, Sherlock Holmes, or Dracula. Another woodland character, albeit one with a tougher upbringing, Bambi, also saw his U.S. copyright expire this year for the original U.S. publication of Bambi, A Life in the Woods. Related:All The Live-Action Disney Remakes In Development. Though the copyright regime directly provides Besides remaining lovable pop-culture icons, these cartoon characters are all part of copyrighted works entering the public domain. In 1909, there were major Comics DC Comics "The Brave and the Bold" #60 (July 1965). In our first episode of season three, IP Goes Pop! Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) The original stuffed toys that inspired Winnie-the-Pooh characters alongside a photograph of the bear that inspired the illustration of Winnie-the-Pooh. So why do these differences matter? MCCAMMON: And for the first time ever, as I understand it, sound recordings are entering the public domain as well. The Retro Cartoon Vault specializes in providing media professionals with high broadcast quality programming content for use in broadcast television, film projects, video streaming, distribution, public television, cable or other professional needs. To my non-legal mind, I find this argument silly. A lot of these characters have been rebooted many times and may have pop up in your favourite shows and movies when you are not even paying attention. (2002)). In 1991, theSlesinger family sued Disney, claiming they'd been short-changed in the deal, and the court case dragged out some 18 years before the House of Mouse emerged triumphant. In short, there are some things that the public will be allowed to do as it relates to Mickey Mouse and some that will remain off limits. (The first major appearance of Mickey with white eyes and black, expressive pupils would be in Fantasia, released in 1940. Silly stuff. Eeyore, from A.A. Milnes 1926 classic, Winnie-the-Pooh. Should Superman be as free to use as Cinderella? See the current status of Tarzan, whose estate basically controls any media usage (thanks to owning the trademarks) despite Tarzans original stories having long since entered the public domain. Once Steamboat Willie has entered the public domain, Disneys exclusive rights to all of the above ends. candidate, 2021 at NYU School of Law. What are some of the titles we'll now have access to? While Disney and others may choose not to use trademark law to maintain a perpetual copyright over these characters, theyd be foolish not to try. Ironically, Disney's corporate lobbying also secured extended copyright for some of their rivals' trademarks as well. hey I'm music composer and I did used you video to mixed with my house music track and I putted in my YouTube channel : meko Ghamlasi in case you want me to pull it out please email me on ghamlasimeko@, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Brementown Musicians UB Iwerks ComiColor.mp4, COMICOLOR - 1935 - _Old Mother Hubbard_.mp4, Dick Whittington's Cat UB Iwerks ComicColor.mp4, Fleischer Color Classic Little Lambkins 1940 (old free cartoon public domain).mp4, Fleischer Color Classic Somewhere in Dreamland 1936) (old cartoon vintage public domain).mp4, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic Greedy Humpty Dumpty 1936 (old cartoon vintage public domain).mp4, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic Hawaiian Birds 1936(old cartoons vintage public domain).mp4, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic The Little Stranger 1936 (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Fleischer cartoon Gabby King for a Day 1940(old free cartoon funny public domain).mp4, Hercules (1960's cartoon) - Daedalus and the Evil Unicorn, Hercules (1960's cartoon) - Daedalus and the Minotaur, Hercules (1960's cartoon) - Daedalus Concocts A Brew, Hercules (1960's cartoon) - Daedalus Cops the Thunderbolt Disc, Humpty Dumpty 1935 Comicolor Ub Iwerks cartoons.mp4, Jerky Turkey Cartoon 1945 Public Domain.mp4, Little Lulu Cad and Caddy - Old Cartoon from Public Domain.mp4, Once Upon a Time Public Domain Cartoon.mp4, SUMMER VS WINTER Cartoon by ComiColor (1935).mp4, Simple Simon (1935) Ub Iwerks Cartoon.mp4, The Little Red Hen 1934) Comicolor (old free cartoons.mp4, The Three Bears 1935) Comicolor (old free cartoons ).mp4, UB Iwerks Jack and the Beanstalk 1933.mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Ali Baba 1936) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Balloon Land 1935 old free cartoons public domain.mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Don Quixote 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Little Boy Blue 1936 (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Mary's Little Lamb 1935) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Summertime 1935) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor The Headless Horseman 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor The Valiant Tailor 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).mp4, _HAPPY DAYS_ (1936) - Ub Iwerks cartoon.mp4, Brementown Musicians UB Iwerks ComiColor.ogv, COMICOLOR - 1935 - _Old Mother Hubbard_.ogv, Dick Whittington's Cat UB Iwerks ComicColor.ogv, Fleischer Color Classic Little Lambkins 1940 (old free cartoon public domain).ogv, Fleischer Color Classic Somewhere in Dreamland 1936) (old cartoon vintage public domain).ogv, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic Greedy Humpty Dumpty 1936 (old cartoon vintage public domain).ogv, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic Hawaiian Birds 1936(old cartoons vintage public domain).ogv, Fleischer cartoon Color Classic The Little Stranger 1936 (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Fleischer cartoon Gabby King for a Day 1940(old free cartoon funny public domain).ogv, Humpty Dumpty 1935 Comicolor Ub Iwerks cartoons.ogv, Jerky Turkey Cartoon 1945 Public Domain.ogv, Little Lulu Cad and Caddy - Old Cartoon from Public Domain.ogv, Once Upon a Time Public Domain Cartoon.ogv, SUMMER VS WINTER Cartoon by ComiColor (1935).ogv, Simple Simon (1935) Ub Iwerks Cartoon.ogv, The Little Red Hen 1934) Comicolor (old free cartoons.ogv, The Three Bears 1935) Comicolor (old free cartoons ).ogv, UB Iwerks Jack and the Beanstalk 1933.ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Ali Baba 1936) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Balloon Land 1935 old free cartoons public domain.ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Don Quixote 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Little Boy Blue 1936 (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Mary's Little Lamb 1935) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor Summertime 1935) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor The Headless Horseman 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, Ub Iwerks cartoon Comicolor The Valiant Tailor 1934) (old free cartoons public domain).ogv, _HAPPY DAYS_ (1936) - Ub Iwerks cartoon.ogv, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014).
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