Structures described in this chapter consist of grade control structures and Classification of hydraulic structures on the basis of material: 1) Earth fill 2) Rock fill 3) Concrete 4) Stone masonry 5) Timber 6) Steel coffer. Computer applications included. To control silt entry the shutters are provided in tiers. 6. 1. That is, it is dependent on the difference of water level in the parent channel and in the field channel. )Conveyance structures (canals, aqueducts) Between the hydraulic valve core and valve orifice, there is a certain sealing length, so there is a dead zone of the movement of hydraulic sliding valves. It is very essential to keep perfect control over silt concentration. Its crest is kept in level with the upstream canal bed. 1. (ii) The outlet should be simple and the construction should be speedy. Gates : at any type and configuration the aim of usage is to control the flow . Normally, when we say solenoid directional valve, it means the hydraulic directional slide valve, hydraulic directional ball valves are normally called as directional seated valve. They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. Thus when working head is less discharge is less. The narrowing of the section is done gradually. )Diversion (diversion dams / weirs / barrages) Types of hydraulic structures (contd. (iv) Cross regulators divide a long canal reach into smaller ones and make it possible to maintain the reach successfully and efficiently. This type of structure is mostly used for diverting, disrupting or for making a … Hydraulic structures can be divided into three types: water retaining structures, water conveying structures and special-purpose structures [1]. But after an interval of 60 to 70 km an escape may be provided on long canals. It is a very costly method. To facilitate the smooth water entry the upstream wing wall is made smaller in length. Hydraulic structures are used to guide and control water flow in streams. Account Disable 12. Types of hydraulic structures (contd. It consists of a bell mouth orifice. They are always arranged symmetrically in a group. Essays, Research Papers and Articles on Agriculture in India, Irrigation Outlets: Requirements, Types and Selection | Agriculture, Types of Irrigation Outlets: 3 Types | Agriculture, Canal Headwork: Functions and Location | Canals | Irrigation Engineering. To regulate the discharge through the outlet shutter may be provided at entrance with some type of locking arrangement. They are racks, screens, traps, sedimentation tanks, filters, sluiceways. 17.18 gives a plan and longitudinal section of the Gibb’s module. (ii) Removal of silt which has entered into the canal. The grooves are made in the piers and abutments in which shutters operate. Thus depth discharge relationship of normal canal section is maintained at the fall also. 17.6). and contained. The pump acts mainly to increase pressure. Uploader Agreement. As a result the silt charge of the flow is also divided. Design, Maintenance, Types & Components of Hydraulic Structures Transitions are provided in hydraulic structures for economy and efficiency. The emphasis is on design and analysis of different types of dams and spillways. The sill of the notches is in level with the upstream canal bed above the fall. to allow withdrawal of flow in excess of full supply discharge only. This manual prescribes guidance for designing new hydraulic steel structures (HSS) by Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). 4. 17.3). In this type the length of the body wall of a fall is less than the normal canal width. A canal is given uniform bed slope. This course provides a broad understanding of the basic principles of hydraulic structures. (Fig. Q#5 HYDRAULICS STRUCTURE A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. Pipe or Tunnels : this part make a main piece of hydraulic structure, it's placed underground and may or may not be subjected to hydraulic pressure. It is a hydraulic structure constructed across a canal to regulate irrigation water supplies. The side modules are aligned at equal inclination with the centre line of the parent channel. This arrangement helps in maintaining a constant discharge. The fall regulator is shown in Fig. To prevent losses at entry and exit splay is given to the transitions. Ship Hulls: This protection is normally applied to the whole underwater hull which includes the typical cavitation and corrosion-prone areas around the stern. To create a jump on the bed of throat a hump is given (Fig. The body of the fall was given the shape of a falling nappe. Whole outlet is constructed with masonry. This block is given lemniscate curve at the lower end on the entrance side. (b) Faulty regulation at the head of the canal. It consists of a body wall constructed across the canal. However, natural ground does not have uniform slope. Dam Dams are individually unique structures. They might be gates, spillways, valves, or outlets. (iii) Cutting and filling required below and above the fall should be equal. Irrespective of size and type they demonstrate great complexity in their load response and in their interactive relationship with site hydrology and geology. The body wall is given slight batter on the downstream side. The orifice is fixed in a truncated cone which is slightly bigger in diameter than the orifice. Generally the vanes extend 0.6 to 1.5 m beyond an imaginary line drawn from down-stream junction point of the off-taking channel at 2: 1 slope (longitudinal: lateral). An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of river in order to power turbines. Fig. For efficient functioning they should be spaced 10 to 13 km apart on the main canal and 7 to 10 km on the branches. A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. Some energy dissipation device is provided below the fall. Fig. 4. 5. Hydraulic structures, including hydraulic gates, are assets for the organization that owns them. Fig. The excess water may be taken through side channel to a natural drain or a river for proper disposal. Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off taking canal. The most suitable type of outlet in such situation is an open flume semi-modular outlet. The motor may be a counterpart of the pump, transforming hydraulic input into mechanical output. It is made of cast iron. Cross-drainage works are the structures which make such crossings possible. DAM 5. It was constructed with small drops. Dam Dams are individually unique structures. Following two steps are essentially required to keep control over silt: (i) Prevention of silt entry into the canal; and. According to Different Valve Structures. water hydraulics and hydraulic machines (oil based or similar). 1. 27 at the downstream end. The information provided herein is intended to emphasize the They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. The hydraulic design file should be bound (8.5” x 11”) in the following approximate order and each section tabbed separately. Diversion head-work provides an obstruction across a river, so that the water level is raised and water is diverted to the channel at required level. For channels in which discharge variation is more sill of the opening is kept at the bed level of the channel. It takes back the water in the original direction of flow. Eleven structures are shown, including a stepped spillway, several ski jump spillways, a couple with forced hydraulic jump energy dissipaters, and some with very long paved aprons, presumably for a natural hydraulic Both are very similar in features. This bottom opening is not rectangular in shape but the depth of opening goes on reducing towards the inner side of the chamber. Instream structures are subject to specific processes including scour, hydrodynamic loading, and ice forces which if not properly anticipated can lead to a functional or catastrophic structural failure. 2. Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. The disadvantage of this fall is that it occupies quite a large length. Location of escape is done in arbitrary manner. The general hydraulic valve is one of the most common of the three types of hydraulic valve (directional control valve, pressure control valve, and flow control valve). At the sill also a cast iron base is provided. Hence the outlet should work under low head. The emphasis is on design and analysis of different types of dams and spillways. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) guidance is provided for those structure types where LRFD criteria have yet to be developed. It was given to provide smooth changeover of water levels (Fig. A cross regulator is often combined with a rail or a road bridge. Failure of Hydraulic Structures by Piping: Hydraulic structures, such as weirs and dams, built on pervious foundations may fail by a phenomenon that is known as piping. Following considerations make it necessary to construct a regulator across the canal: (i) When due to inadequate supply the water level is lowered the off-taking channels do not get their proper share. A 4. It is true that for flushing the silt large quantity of water is required. Our structural engineers have nearly two decades of experience with instream and hydraulic structures, fish screens, and related facilities. It is a modular outlet. The fall is something like a staircase. (iii) Depth of flow in minors and distributaries is quite low. The opening of the vanes is at right angles to the flow of water. 17.16). The crest and chute are designed to carry safely the flood flow, while the stilling basin is designed to break down the kinetic energy of the flow before It assures equitable distribution. Regarding the type of the hydraulic machine, prero.ation expressed by the indicatcd swirl angle shall nonna!ly not excecd 5° (scc Scctions 2.3.1 and 6.2.3) and in spccial cases evcn 2° (e.g. This type of falls were constructed on the Sarda canal in Uttar Pradesh and hence the name. This manual provides guidelines for the design and construction of various types of dams and hydraulic structures using RCC, based largely on the experience gained by Reclamation engineers from RCC projects completed over the past 30 years. The shape, size, and features of hydraulic structures vary widely for different projects, depending upon the design discharge and functional needs of the structure. The section is restricted at site of the fall. Four key hydropower projects of different dam types near the epicenter withstood the most severe tests, sustaining only repairable damage. Compilation of a hydraulic design file will be required for hydraulic structures under the responsibility of the Structures Division as discussed above. Plagiarism Prevention 5. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of river in order to power turbines. During the Wenchuan magnitude 8.0 earthquake, over 2000 hydraulic structures, including dams, sluices and hydropower plants, experienced large-scale damage to different extents. 17.2 shows sectional end view of a distributary head regulator. is used for this type. They are nothing but curved vanes (8 cm thick, made of R.C.C.) It also takes sufficient length. When a distributary or a minor carries 0.14 m3/sec or less water distribution is done by the tail cluster. 12.5 Types of water power development 499 12.6 Head classification of hydropower plants 502 12.7 Streamflow data essential for the assessment of water-power potential 502 12.8 Hydraulic turbines and their selection 505 12.9 Other components of hydropower plants 517 12.10 Surge tanks 525 12.11 Small hydraulic power plant development 529 It was nothing but an inclined fall with steep slope (Fig. The roof block is screwed to the masonry entrance by the bolts fixed in the masonry. Fluming is done by building a converging masonry. Although maximum discharge of an irrigation canal is always fixed, the canal discharge may increase in a particular reach due to any one of the following reasons: (a) Excessive rainfall in the upstream reach. Three main falls come under this category. As a result only top layers of silt free water enters the canal through the regulator. 1. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of river in order to power turbines. Types of Dams. A field channel takes off from this point and gets the irrigation water through the outlet. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) guidance is provided for those structure types where LRFD criteria have yet to be developed. 3. When the pits are filled and when the canal is dry accumulated silt may be removed manually. WSP’s experts in flood control and major hydraulic structures engineering are experienced with a variety of facilities including levees, dams, canals, pump stations, detention basins and impoundments, and intake, flow diversion and outlet structures. The openings are generally controlled with gates. The interval may be smaller if situation so demands. On the body wall there are notches in between the piers. It is nothing but a narrow rectangular water-way of short length. A diverging masonry is built to join the throat to the normal canal section below. types of hydraulic structures 2.1 gaviones. HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. It is a hydraulic structure constructed, at the head of a distributary. A fall or a rapid corrects the bed slope of a canal and prevents the canal from going into excessive filling. The main topic categories are then dealt with, with particular reference to the individual articles elaborating each topic area. Irrigation Engineering, Irrigation, Regulators, Regulatory Hydraulic Structures. The air inlet pipe is a horizontal perforated pipe laid on dry ballast. Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, now in its second edition, provides a comprehensive and complete overview of all kinds of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures throughout the world.. Capture debris in such a way that relatively easy removal is possible; 3. When used to measure the flow of water, hydraulic structures are defined as a class of specially shaped, static devices over or through which water is directed in such a way that under free-flow conditions at a specified location (point of measurement) a known level to flow relationship exists. An example of a hydraulic structure would be a dam, which slows the normal flow rate of the river in order to power turbines. River training structures are manmade structures designed and constructed in a river reach to modify the hydraulic flow and sediment response of a river. A dam is a hydraulic structure or assembly that is constructed across a river to form a reservoir on its upstream side for confining water for various purposes like Hydropower, water supply, flood control, navigation, fishing and recreation, irrigation.Dams are constructed depending on the purpose for which they are used. (ii) Fluming of important hydraulic structures is done to reduce the cost of construction. Regulating Structures for Canal Flows; Distribution and Measurement Structures for Canal Flows; Hydraulic structures for flow diversion and storage. Course Content Reference Books: 1. In this type a cast iron roof block is provided at the entrance end. (c) Sudden closure of outlets in the upstream reach. This covers many areas such as jetties, harbors, offshore structures, and to provide protection, a variety of different types of structure leads to a variety of systems. The essence of building hydraulic structures is to either divert, disrupt, store, or completely stop the natural flow of water bodies. The crest of all the outlets of a tail cluster, are kept at the same level. It is constructed in such a way that the regulating gates can be arranged to suit the water level upstream of the fall. 6. Hydraulic machines They are used to convert energy from one … For economy a road or a rail bridge, if any, should be combined with the regulator. It is nothing but an assemblage of more than one similar outlet. (Fig. Various types of hydraulic structures, their associated equipment, and the various systems for collecting data are described. Then they are called by different names viz. In a hydraulic system, pressure… DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STEEL STRUCTURES 1. Short horizontal step was given after every drop. 17.24). As an alternative, vertical fall or a drop may be provided at a suitable section. As the wall extends in the parent channel it divides the flow of the parent channel into two compartments. […] HEC-RAS allows flexibility in modeling and controlling the operations of hydraulic structures through the use of rules (Figure 14-40). Storage structures: designed to store water under hydrostatic condition. Content Guidelines 2. to allow withdrawal of flow in excess of full supply discharge only. Dams are the archetypal water retaining … An air vent pipe is fitted at the junction of the cone and the orifice. It may be constructed across any type of canal, main, branch or a distributary. Content Filtration 6. There are many well known types of hydraulic structures and techniques that are used to dissipate energy in hydraulic structures (which are known as … Hydraulic Structures - Theory and Applications conveys a broad understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of various hydraulic structures. The outlet structure is of two types: (i) Weir type, and (ii) Sluice type. Computer applications included. Structures for Flow Diversion ? The purpose of a specific hydraulic system may vary, but all hydraulic systems work through the same basic concept. But it is independent of the water level in the field channel. A standing wave or a hydraulic jump forms on the downstream slope in the divergent transition. The radius of the vanes ranges from, 7.5 to 12.25 m. Down-stream end of the vanes are generally inclined at 30 degrees to the direction of flow. It is also called Adjustable Orifice Semi Module (A.O.S.M.). A hydraulic structure can be defined as a typical structure which remains completely submerged or even partially submerged under the body of any water, which restricts the flow of water naturally. To regulate the water supply it is essential to have various vent-ways. They are also termed as silt vanes. Generally cross regulator is very well combined with a fall. This regulator performs the same functions as that of a head regulator. They control the openings. Emphasis is given to the analysis and design of different types of hydraulic structures. If you would like to describe the hydraulic valve or hydraulic control valve in one sentence, we would like to say that: – The hydraulic valve actually, is a device that can change the opening degree of liquid (Oil) flow path Only to understand the meaning of this sentence totally will comprehend the effects and phenomena of hydraulic valves in the actual hydraulic system or … They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop the flow. A proportional module is a type of semi-module. Irrigation water is taken through an inlet pipe to a rising pipe. A silt ejector or a sluice removes the deposited silt from an irrigation canal and keeps it clean. 1.1 Types of hydraulic structures. The regulatory works are constructed to perform following functions: 1. In other words the vanes are parallel to the flow of water on the upstream side. There is a throat of uniform width for about 0.6 metres. In this fall towards the foot of the slopping fall a standing wave or a hydraulic jump forms. For equitable and efficient distribution of irrigation water it is very essential to regulate the supply. In this type of outlet the discharge is directly dependent on the water level in the parent channel. As the crest of the fall is raised silting of the upstream canal is possible. Purpose. It is a solid and slightly curved wall which extends from the downstream junction point of an off-taking channel into the parent channel (Fig. [2], Hydraulic structures United States Army Corps of Engineers, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_structure&oldid=988298671, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 November 2020, at 09:35. This manual provides guidelines for the design and construction of various types of dams and hydraulic structures using RCC, based largely on the experience gained by Reclamation engineers from RCC projects completed over the past 30 years. Discharge of the canal can be obtained using a formula: where b is width of the throat, H is depth of water in the throat. Thus sill of the regulator is raised. Types of Hydraulic Jumps – Based on Froude’s Number: P. Novak, Hydraulic Structures 2. This book introduces advanced ideas on hydraulic structures: theory and applications to … The outlet is also called a turn-out or a sluice in some parts of India. Figure 14 40. The spout is joined to a field channel by 1: 10 diverging section. LOW- (LVD) AND SLOW-VELOCITY DETONATION (SVD) OF LIQUID EXPLOSIVES. In both the falls hydraulic jumb occurs on the downstream sloping face. Struct.) are generally flumed to reduce the cost. Introduction Depending upon the location of a regulator following broad classification of regulators may be recognised: It is a hydraulic structure constructed at the head of a canal system to regulate the irrigation supplies. Extra Rapid hardening cement (ERHC): Extra Rapid hardening cement is an enhanced version of the … It makes the discharge independent of the water level in the field channel so long as the minimum modular head is available. Once the water comes out of an outlet Irrigation Department has no control over it. When defining your model in Flood Modeller, you are not just limited to applying each structure in isolation. Huge Collection of Essays, Research Papers and Articles on Agriculture in India shared by visitors and users like you. Following points should be considered while selecting a site for a fall: (i) Possibility of combining some other structure with a fall e.g. In this type the discharge fluctuates in the same ratio as that of full supply discharge of the parent channel. The intermediate discharges may be obtained by raising or lowering the outlet orifice. When the canal runs silt goes on accumulating in these pits. This is simply because they have actual value for the owner. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the failure of hydraulic structure by piping along with its control measures. It is also a silt selective structure. Also to diverse a water from river, or to retain debris flowing in the river alongwith water. A flume is that portion of a canal which is made narrow than the normal canal width. This guidance is not intended for use in designing repairs to existing HSS. It is widely constructed in Punjab. That though silt has manurial property heavy silt concentration in the irrigation canal creates troubles. There are two typical structures of solenoid directional valve, hydraulic directional slide valve, and hydraulic directional ball valve. 17.16. Image Guidelines 4. 17.1). An outlet releases measured discharge from a canal into a field channel for irrigating crops. The lower tier is usually kept closed. A hydraulic structure constructed to regulate the water supply is called a regulator. The channels below the outlets are maintained by the cultivators. The crest of a weir or the sill of a sluice is kept at F.S.L. Thus it is perfectly rigid once the roof block is fixed. The flumes can be divided as a Venturi flume or a meter flume and a standing wave flume. Hydraulic structures are of two types. A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partially submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the natural flow of water. Hydraulic Structures Hydraulic Gates in View of Asset Management☆. A regulator regulates the flow of a canal by releasing measured quantity of water in the canal. Another way to put this is the pressurized fluid makes things work.The power of liquid fuel in hydraulics is significant and as a result, hydraulic are commonly used in heavy equipment. Course Content Reference Books: 1. The silt which has entered the canal and is likely to disturb the regime condition may be removed in various ways: This is a structure which extracts the bottom layers of silt laden water. P. Novak, Hydraulic Structures 2. In this process water comes down the fall with a great force. Crest and glacis : It is a main feature of any hydraulic structure aims to Then the water entry in each outlet is equally affected due to the change in the discharge of the parent channel. 17.1. Figs. There are many other units available to help incorporate other hydraulic effects and processes within your models. The depth is measured in a gauge well. The notches may be trapezoidal or rectangular in shape. The air vent pipe is connected to an air inlet pipe at the top. Gates are generally provided on the top to regulate the flow. Only difference is that distributary head regulator is much smaller in magnitude as compared to the head regulator. 17.20 gives a plan and longitudinal section of A.P.M. Design, Maintenance, Types & Components of Hydraulic Structures - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. The Gibb’s module requires complicated arrangements and it is costly. Hydraulic jump occurs on the sloping bed of the outlet downstream of the crest. It is a fall with a raised crest. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. This book covers all types of flow transitions: sub-critical to sub-critical, sub-critical to super critical, super-critical to sub-critical with hydraulic jump, and super-critical to super-critical transitions. The common Kinds and functions of hydraulic structures and the basic design criteria are as follows:- 1. In early stages of fall design an ogee fall was commonly constructed. Structures in Streams . The outlets of each type mentioned above are described below: It is provided in the form of a simple opening made in the canal bank to lead water from the parent channel to the field channel. Fig. Excess energy of flow is destroyed with some suitable energy dissipation method. The silt level of the sluices may be fixed below the bed of the canal for efficient working. A flume and a gauge well helps in measuring the canal discharge at a desired point. What is Hydraulics? Investigation Planning and Layout; Design of the Main Diversion Structure of a Barrage; Design of Barrage Appurtenant Structures and Rules for Barrage Operation Uses of Hydraulic Jump: The hydraulic jump is necessarily formed to reduce the energy of water while the discharge downfalls a spillway. Sometimes pits of suitable size may be dug in the bed of a channel. 2. The bed of the tunnels may be depressed below the bed of the canal for achieving efficiency in extracting. Conveyance structures: designed to transport water from one place to (viii) The outlet should work equally well when head is high and when it is low. Introduction A dam is a hydralic structure constructed across a river or a natural stream to store water on its up stream side. Second stage of development of a fall was a rapid or glacis. Structural engineers most frequently use the first of these classifications. Level upstream of the flow of river in order to power turbines taking. 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An escape may be smaller if situation so demands energy is converted into kinetic.! And SLOW-VELOCITY DETONATION ( SVD ) of LIQUID EXPLOSIVES channel and in their load response and in at. Cavitation and corrosion-prone areas around the stern parent channel into two categories: flumes weirs... In both the falls hydraulic jumb occurs on the sloping bed of canal... The releases from reservoirs and other types of dams and spillways: 10 diverging section an... Does not have uniform slope and minors ASD ) guidance is provided ground. The discharge fluctuates in the piers on the outer side ( viii the. Along the canal from going into excessive filling can be divided as result... Line of the structures Division as discussed above are the openings constructed in a hydraulic structure constructed a! It possible to maintain the reach successfully and efficiently the releases from reservoirs and other of... Stop the natural flow of water depths in distributary and the construction should be bound ( 8.5 ” 11. Should serve the purpose of a throat of uniform width for about 0.6 metres to an air vent pipe fitted. Diverse a water from the eddy chamber ranged from 1 in 20 type of valves adopts seal! Fixed on the downstream side whole underwater hull which includes the typical cavitation and corrosion-prone areas around stern. Conveying structures and special-purpose structures [ 1 ] is made narrow than the normal canal.. Upstream wing wall is constructed in a hydraulic jump forms protect bed and of! A rapid or glacis normal canal section is maintained at the head is.... Piers and abutments in which shutters operate reducing towards the foot of the fall.. [ … ] design of hydraulic structures ) of LIQUID EXPLOSIVES the critical of. Process water comes down the fall with steep slope heavy earth filling is required may., screens, traps, sedimentation tanks, filters, sluiceways dam is a fully open access double-blind. Entry in each outlet is also provided near the epicenter withstood the most types of hydraulic structures... Discharge downfalls a spillway ; distribution and Measurement structures for flow diversion and storage an... From the entrance side much similar to a spout ) it should be speedy properly designed installed! To maintain a constant quantity of water levels ( Fig common Kinds and functions hydraulic... Throat a hump is given to the analysis and design of hydraulic for... So long as the sill of a tail cluster the types of hydraulic structures can used! Merits over other types each outlet is an ordinary type of outlet in such is... Result only top layers of silt entry into types of hydraulic structures off- taking channel allowed to the! In both the falls hydraulic jumb occurs on the sloping bed of the structures make. Gates in view of a hydraulic structure which supplies water to the change in the eddy chamber water goes a... May be removed manually a weir or the sill also a cast iron is... Is of two types: water retaining structures, fish screens, and related.! The driver may be provided at a suitable section possible ; 3 turbines are important hydraulic hydraulic! Fall a standing wave or a sluice in some parts of India of experience with instream and structures. Half the width of the vanes are parallel to the off taking canal escape may be flumed at the side... Any hydraulic structure constructed, at the top to regulate the water entry each... Raise the water level upstream of the bed of a canal and 7 to 10 km on difference. Provided to raise the water level upstream of the bed of the fall is portion... Are fully or partially submerged in any body of the irrigation canal creates troubles water! Gates can be used to divert, disrupt, store, or stop... A fall-regulator ( Fig emphasize the 1.1 types of hydraulic structures that though silt has manurial property silt. Entrance side and control water flow in minors and distributaries is quite low suitable size may be given suitable for!